Ham Radio 2000/Ham Radio 2000.iso/ham2000/packet/aprs75c/space.txt

Text File | 1996-03-15 | 11KB | 190 lines

SPACE.TXT 7.5a         USING APRS FOR SPACE COMMUNICATIONS

New in 7.5a:  The WO-18 satellite is available for digipeating packets.
See section below on how this can be used as a worldwide resource for
relaying APRS mobile/portable posits.

BACKGROUND:  Since APRS has such tremendous potential in the  effective
use of orbiting terrestrial style packet radio digipeaters in the
amateur satellite program, a special version of ARS called APRtrak has
been donated to AMSAT for use in the amateur satellite program.  It is
a stripped down version of APRS that is focused on SPACE applications of
APRS. See APRtrak.txt.  APRS still retains a minimum SPACE mode too.

       The problem with space based AX.25 FM digipeaters is the total
saturation on the uplink channel which makes the use of a normal CONNECTED
protocol impractical.  For the SAREX robot QSO mode, a total of five
successive and successful packet transmissions were required to constitute
a successful contact.  Of an estimated thousands of uplink stations, only
about 250 were successful.  Recognizing the stringent requirements for
success using the CONNECTED protocol, provision was also made to recognize
those stations which were successful in getting only one packet heard
onboard the shuttle.  Over 700 stations successfully completed single
uplink packets.

     APRS takes advantage of this unconnected, one packet, mode to
demonstrate successful uplinks to the shuttle.  In addition, however, it
capitalizes on the most fascinating aspect of the amateur radio hobby,
and that is the display on a map of the location of those stations.
Historically, almost every aspect of HAM radio communications has as its
root, the interest in the location of other stations.  Look at DX maps,
countries worked, counties worked, grid squares, mobile chatter; everyone
is quite interested in where other stations are.

     If, instead of every station attempting to CONNECT with the Space
Shuttle, all stations simply inserted his/her 6 digit gridsquare into their
TNC TO callsign via the SAREX callsign, then, everyone within the satellite
footprint would not only see when he made a successful uplink, but also
where he was.  It takes a total of 128 bytes for a successful SAREX QSO
plus 92 bytes for every retry.  The APRS GridSquare BEACON only takes 26.
This alone could provide an order of magnitude improvement in the number
of successful SAREX contacts.

Since the shuttle is a rapidly moving object, the locations of successful
uplink stations will move progressively along the ground track.  The
weakest successful stations will almost certainly be immediately below the
spacecraft.  Stronger and more viable groundstations can show up further
to the side of the ground track.  If there is a skew in the spacecraft
antenna pattern, the pattern of successful uplink stations on the map will
clearly make that evident.  APRS responds to both LAT/LONG and two Grid-
Square formats.  The exact format of a minimum APRS GridSquare report is
as follows.  Obviously the GRID-IN-TO format is the shortest and preferred.

     GRID-IN-TO FORMAT:         WB4APR>FM19SX,W5RRR:...

     GRID-IN-BEACON FORMAT:     WB4APR>APRS,W5RRR:@FM19sx]...
                                                  @ means APRS is online
                                                  / means TNC BEACON only

     To implement this experiment on the next shuttle mission, it would only
take a single AMSAT news bulletin to ask all stations to insert their Grid
Square in their UNPROTO or BText command.  No changes onboard the shuttle or
other spacecraft TNC would be required.

Those stations that had APRS could then watch the successful uplink stations
plotted in real time.  Even without real time APRS, a replay of a captured
text file containing all the successful uplink packets would still give an
excellent map display after the fact.  Analysis of antenna pointing
anomolies on every orbit could be accomplished with ease.  On future
missions, the UI beacon frame might completely replace the current
CONNECTED robot mode.  Without all of the connect requests, acks, and
retries at least a ten fold increase in the number of successful uplinks
would be realized, and the data exchanged would be more meaningful by a
similar factor.

     To demonstrate the expected results of this experiment, replay the
SHUTTLE.HST file and watch the contacts appear as the shuttle moves across
the country.  You may enhance the demonstration by selecting to see only
the Shuttle, STS-99, or by turning off CALLS to reduce the clutter of
callsigns on the display.   Obviously, in this SHUTTLE.hst file, I assumed
that the Shuttle had its TNC connected to a GPS navigation receiver so
that it was also beaconing its position once per minute in the APRS format.

     This capability also demonstrates the practicality of using a space
AX.25 digipeater for routine position and status reporting.  Imagine a
constellation of three AX.25 digipeater satellites all on one FM channel.
It would not matter what satellite was in view, or when.  Mobile and
portable stations could beacon their position once every 5 minutes and be
tracked nationwide!  Just using 1200 baud AFSK, up to 1000 stations could
probably be supported just in the US and have a reasonable chance of
getting a position report through at least once every 3 hours!  Going to
9600 baud FSK would support almost 8000 users.

APRS uses a special SPACE mode to configure for sending its GRID SQUARE
BEACON via a space digipeater:

  * The alt-SETUP-MODES-SPACE command places your Grid Square in the TO
    address of your TNC.  It also sets CONTROLS-OTHER on so that you can
    see other packets.  It sets up a congratualtions BEEP-MSG when it sees
    your BEACON digipeated.  And it also activates an ARMing routine which
    will reset your packet timers to minimum if the spacecraft is heard,
    so that you send several BEACONS randomly once the spacecraft is heard.
  * Next you must set your UNPROTO path via the space digipeater
  * Your shortest packet will be your BEACON.  Although your lat/long
    POSIT, MESSAGES and OBJECTS are still active, they are not encouraged.
    As usual, all packet periods will automatically begin to decay to
    double the period after every transmission.  This assures that stations
    minimize packet transmissions.
  * Since only the SPACECRAFT will be digipeating, APRS will detect any
    of your packets that are digipeated and will announce your success
    with some BEEPS.  It also resets your BEACON period to max to minimize
    QRM since you have already been successful!



OPERATING TIPS VIA SPACECRAFT DIGIPEATERS:

First, be sure that APRS position reporting is being authorized via the
particular spacecraft.  To have a good chance of being seen via the SPACE
digipeater and to minimize unnecessary QRM, use the following procedures.
Even under worst case scenarios, APRS stations will still generate far
fewer packets than other stations attempting to CONNECT to SAREX!

*  Use UNPROTO to set your VIA path to the Space DIgipeater (W5RRR)
*  Use alt-SETUP-MODES-SPACE as noted above.
*  If unattended, APRS will listen for the digipeater specified in your
   UNPROTO path, and will reset your BEACON timer to minimum when the
   spacecraft is first heard.
*  Make your BEACON text as short as possible, or none at all.
*  Use XMT-BEACON command to force transmissions as needed
*  Use the APRS VIEW screen so you can VIEW all packets on a full screen
*  Use your lowest 2m antenna (preferably on the ground).  This minimizes any
   QRM to your receiver from other local uplink stations, and also minimizes
   your QRM to them.  A ground level antenna should work perfectly well, since
   it can still see the sky, and the SPACECRAFT is so far away on the horizon
   and has such high doppler that you will NOT make it anyway at elevations
   below 20 degrees or so.


UNATTENDED OPERATION:  If you use a low antenna as described above and leave
APRS unattended, you will be transmitting your normal packets about once
every 15 minutes.  This is less than one-half of one percent (0.5%) of the
number of packets generated by other stations trying to connect to the
spacecraft.  If you have set space mode, then your system will listen for
the DIGIpeater shown in your UNPROTO path.  Once it hears it, it will reset
your BEACON timers to minimum and also set a random number of seconds up to
12 before your first packet is transmitted.  As long as you continue to
hear the digipeater callsign, your timers will stay at minimum and your
starting time to the first packet will continuously be reset to a random
number under 12.  Since APRS is on a 5 second timing cycle, you have a 5/12
or 42% chance of transmitting in each window as long as the digipeater
is being heard.  This gives you an average of about 1 packet per 10 seconds
which is still less than what a connected station would be doing...
If this idea catches on, then maybe all of those other stations will STOP
trying to CONNECT to the spacecraft and join us!  That would be a net
REDUCTION in QRM to on the uplink!

    Imagine the fun that the cosmonauts and astronauts will have if they
carry a lap-top computer so they can see everyone on their maps!

NOTE:  Even if you only see a GRIDSQUARE from a station, you can tell if
he is running APRS by the @ vice [ at the start of the report.  APRS uses
this distinction so it can tell who is an on-line APRS station and one
which is only coming from a passive TNC BText.


    I am NOT insisting that APRS should be used on SAREX, but I AM
insisting that IT SHOULD at least BE CONSIDERED as a viable and useful
addition!  The net effect would be FEWER packets on the uplink, and more
meaningful packets on the downlink!  I wrote APRtrak and gave it to
AMSAT so that I have no monitary interest in this facet of SPACE
communications.  Now I can PUSH APRS FOR SPACE FUN!

       APRS POSITION REPORTING VIA WEBERSAT OSCAR-18

       For the last few weeks (March 96) WEBERSAT has beeen placed in
digipeater mode and AMSAT enthusiasts have been encouraged to use it.
There are 3 significant items that make this very useful as an APRS
position reporting satellite:

       1)  It can use any 25 watt FM XMTR on the uplink!
       2)  The uplink only requires an OMNI antenna with not pointing
       3)  Rumor says a Manchester encoded modem can be added to some
           TNC's with only a single XOR gate an a little surgery!
       4)  For vehicle tracking, only a few receivers are needed, since
           they can digipeat the packets onto HF and VHF nets

Receiving the BPSK downlink takes a separate BPSK satellite modem, but
many hams already have these...